WO2000003750A1 - Bestrahlung einer flüssigkeit in einem rotierenden zylinder - Google Patents
Bestrahlung einer flüssigkeit in einem rotierenden zylinder Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000003750A1 WO2000003750A1 PCT/EP1999/005055 EP9905055W WO0003750A1 WO 2000003750 A1 WO2000003750 A1 WO 2000003750A1 EP 9905055 W EP9905055 W EP 9905055W WO 0003750 A1 WO0003750 A1 WO 0003750A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- liquid
- cylinder
- unit
- irradiation
- control
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 9
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000013060 biological fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000415 inactivating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000009281 ultraviolet germicidal irradiation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005305 interferometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
- A61L2/02—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using physical phenomena
- A61L2/08—Radiation
- A61L2/10—Ultra-violet radiation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
- A61L2/24—Apparatus using programmed or automatic operation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
- C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
- C02F1/325—Irradiation devices or lamp constructions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/32—Details relating to UV-irradiation devices
- C02F2201/322—Lamp arrangement
- C02F2201/3223—Single elongated lamp located on the central axis of a turbular reactor
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for irradiation, in particular for UV irradiation, of a liquid.
- the irradiation takes place under precisely defined conditions.
- the device according to the invention is therefore particularly suitable for inactivating viruses and other pathogenic pathogens in biological fluids, in particular in blood sera.
- the spectrum of the irradiated UV light is modulated so that protein damage is avoided.
- the liquid is passed through thin capillaries wound around the UV lamp, cf. US 4,748, 120.
- Capillary diameters of less than 1 mm are used. However, this only leads to a low throughput.
- This object is achieved by the device according to the invention.
- This device for irradiating a liquid under defined conditions has a rotating cylinder with an upper inflow, a lower outflow and an irradiation unit, the cylinder enclosing an angle of inclination ( ⁇ ) with the horizontal.
- the inclined cylinder rotates on its own axis.
- the liquid to be irradiated is introduced into the upper inflow.
- the introduced liquid is pressed against the inner wall of the cylinder by the centrifugal force and forms the required thin layer there.
- several UV lamps are attached to irradiate the liquid layer, which ensure intensive irradiation of the liquid.
- UV light in particular UVC light
- UVC light is used to inactivate the viruses and pathogenic agents in biological liquids, such as, for example, in blood sera.
- light with a wavelength of 254 nm is preferably used. Irradiation with this wavelength leads on the one hand to relatively little protein damage and on the other hand also to effective virus inactivation.
- mercury lamps that emit the same wavelength can also be used. Laser light can also be used.
- the lower drain has two connections for conveying the liquid, one connection using a first control unit can be closed if the irradiation of the liquid deviates from the defined conditions.
- the liquid can only pass through the second, ie the non-closable, connection.
- the liquid can be diverted to another container, that is to say it can be collected separately from the quantity of liquid already irradiated under normal conditions. Correctly and possibly incorrectly irradiated amounts of liquid are thus separated, so that contamination of reliably irradiated serum with viruses is excluded.
- a second control unit which switches off the irradiation unit and / or interrupts the upper inflow if the irradiation deviates from the defined conditions.
- the device according to the invention has a control and documentation unit for at least one, preferably all, of the following parameters:
- These parameters are measured and documented in freely adjustable time intervals, which provides a complete documentation of the operating status over time.
- These operating data are preferably logged twice, namely both on a printer and on a storage medium, for example a removable hard disk or a zip Drive that can be sealed and whose tape can be exchanged at fixed intervals.
- the storage medium is required to ensure parameter storage in the event of a printer failure.
- the recording on the storage medium can serve as a tamper-proof proof of the operating conditions, which is only accessible to selected people, such as the device manufacturer.
- permanent storage on a data carrier can also serve to provide the user with a statistical overview of his parameters. This ensures that the respective operating conditions can be reconstructed later at any time and in batches.
- the control and documentation unit is preferably coupled to the first and, if present, also to the second control unit in such a way that when a specified minimum value is undershot or a specified maximum value is exceeded for one or more of the parameters, the first control unit connects the lockable connection of the closes lower drain and the second control unit switches off the radiation unit. If, for example, the lamps are too weak or have failed completely, the radiation is automatically interrupted. At the same time, the inflow of the liquid into the rotating cylinder is stopped. The lockable connection at the lower drain is also closed by the first control unit, so that the residual liquid currently in the cylinder is diverted through the second connection at the lower drain into a separate container. This prevents contamination of the amount of liquid already irradiated.
- the second connection is preferably arranged at the lower drain so that the liquid flowing out of the cylinder only passes the second connection when the first lockable connection is closed.
- this can be achieved, for example, in that the second connection is directed upwards with a sufficiently large inclination, while the first closable connection has at least a slight inclination upwards, but preferably points downwards, so that the gravity flow of the liquid always flows through this when the first connection is not closed.
- the intensity of the radiation can be detected, for example, by measuring the lamp current and drawing a conclusion on the intensity then output.
- Another possibility is to arrange measuring sensors in the vicinity of the lamps, in which case the intensity can be measured directly, so that conclusions with the associated uncertainties are not necessary.
- the speed of rotation and the angle of inclination of the cylinder can be measured in a conventional manner with suitable mechanical or electronic sensors.
- Appropriate sensors provided in the control and documentation unit also, as already mentioned, measure and monitor the temperature of the liquid before and after the irradiation.
- the optimum temperature that the liquid to be irradiated has during the irradiation is in a range between 4 ° C and 8 ° C. If the temperature becomes too high, this can lead to permanent damage to the proteins, if it becomes too low, the viscosity of the liquid changes, so that the formation of a homogeneous liquid layer is made more difficult. If the temperature at the temperature sensors, which are preferably arranged at the inflow and outflow, deviates from the optimal temperature values, in a preferred embodiment of the device according to the invention the performance of the cooling is changed such that the optimum temperature is again sought.
- the irradiation is ended via the coupling according to the invention between the control and documentation unit and the first and second control units, which has already been mentioned the liquid in the cylinder at this time is diverted into a separate container via the second connection of the lower drain.
- the upper limit temperature is around 25 ° C
- the lower limit temperature around 0 ° C.
- the thickness of the liquid layer is also continuously measured and controlled by means of the control and documentation unit according to the invention.
- the thickness of the liquid layer should normally be of the order of less than 0.5 mm.
- the layer thickness is measured using an interferometer.
- the interferometer consists of a transmitter module, which can be installed, for example, at the upper end of the rotating cylinder and a receiver module, which can be attached, for example, at its lower end.
- the transmitter generally consists of a laser, the light beam of which strikes the surface of the irradiated liquid at an angle. Part of this light beam is reflected directly on the surface of the liquid guide, the rest penetrates into the liquid and is reflected at the liquid / cylinder wall interface. The two reflected partial beams hit the sensor.
- the displacement of the second light beam relative to the first is proportional to the thickness of the liquid layer.
- the laser / sensor system works in a wavelength range which is not influenced by the UVC radiation which is preferably used in order to prevent a disturbance in the layer thickness measurement.
- This type of layer thickness measurement therefore also has the advantage of being independent of all other parameters of the device. So far, the layer thickness has mostly been determined by measuring the intensity of the light used for irradiating the liquid layer after transmission through the liquid layer. On the one hand, this had the consequence that the corresponding sensor had to be arranged behind the liquid layer and thus outside the cylinder, which was not very practical for handling the device, and also the layer thickness measurement was also subject to the influence of other parameters, not just that of the real layer thickness.
- Transmission measurements can be falsified, for example, by the thickness or density fluctuations of the cylinder wall, as well as by a mostly inevitable drift of the lamps that occurs over time.
- a new calibration for this special liquid must be carried out each time the liquid to be irradiated is changed.
- all that is required for interferometry is the easily determinable refractive index of the liquid to be irradiated.
- the interferometer can also be mounted movably within the cylinder, for example rotating and moving up and down on the inner axis of the cylinder. This makes it possible to determine the layer thickness of the liquid layer at any point on the inner wall of the cylinder.
- the layer thickness is determined capacitively as an alternative to the interferometric method.
- This can be achieved, for example, by arranging a cylindrical wire mesh around the cylinder axis of the device at a defined distance from the inner wall of the cylinder.
- the wire mesh and the rotating cylinder represent a capacitor, the capacitance of which is determined, among other things, by the medium between its two capacitor plates.
- this medium consists of parts of the gas atmosphere that is present in the interior of the cylinder and the liquid layer, the dielectric properties of which thus also determine the capacitance of the capacitor.
- the device has a motor for adjusting the angle of inclination ( ⁇ ) of the cylinder.
- This motor is preferably coupled to the control and documentation unit according to the invention. If the intensity of the UVC radiation of the lamps decreases as a result of the natural aging process of the lamps, then according to the invention the inclination of the cylinder in the direction of a flatter setting is also changed with the aid of the motor. The residence time of the liquid to be irradiated in the cylinder is thereby extended. If the angle of inclination falls below a previously set minimum value, which is generally around 2 °, an error message is triggered and the radiation is ended with the aid of the second control unit.
- the power of the pump i.e. the pumping rate, adjusted. If the layer thickness is still too great despite the reduced pumping power, the radiation is stopped again via the second control unit and / or the upper inflow is interrupted.
- a coupling of the pump to the control and documentation unit also ensures that, if the flow rate of the liquid deviates from a predetermined value, the performance of the pump is changed so that the predetermined value for the flow rate is reached again. If this is not possible, the radiation unit is switched off and / or the upper inflow for the liquid is interrupted.
- an alarm unit which always triggers an alarm when a previously given minimum or maximum value for one or more of the above parameters, namely for the intensity of the irradiation, for the rotation speed of the cylinder, for the angle of inclination (et) of the cylinder, for the temperature of the liquid before and after the irradiation and for the layer thickness of the Liquid inside the cylinder is under or exceeded.
- FIG. 2 enlarged view of an outflow of the invention
- Cylinder of another device according to the invention for irradiating a liquid Cylinder of another device according to the invention for irradiating a liquid.
- FIG. 1 shows a side view of a device 1 according to the invention.
- the inventive device 1 shown here consists of a cylinder 2 which is rotatably mounted on a support device 3.
- the inclination angle ⁇ which the cylinder 2 encloses with the horizontal, can be set as desired within wide limits by means of a motor 4.
- the angle of inclination is preferably approximately 10 °.
- the cylinder 2 leaves set in rotation about the cylinder axis 5 by another motor.
- the rotational speed of the cylinder 2 can be varied in accordance with the variable power of the engine. As a rule, the speed is around 150 revolutions per minute.
- the liquid to be irradiated is introduced through the upper inflow 6 in the cylinder 2.
- connection 8 is closable, for example by a valve.
- a first control unit 10 is provided, by means of which connection 8 can be closed.
- a plurality of UV lamps 11 are fixedly mounted along the cylinder axis 5 and are used to irradiate the liquid layer. The UV lamps 11 are supplied with a separate supply 12.
- control units 10 and 13 are coupled to a control and documentation unit 14 according to the invention.
- the control and documentation unit 14 has various types of sensors, with the aid of which the various parameters essential for the effective irradiation of the liquid can be measured.
- the intensity of the radiation that is to say the intensity of the UV lamps 11, is determined, for example, by measuring the lamp current; the corresponding signal is thus supplied by an ammeter. UVC sensors could also be used here.
- the speed of rotation and the angle of inclination of the cylinder 2 are determined by means of electronic or mechanical sensors, the temperature using suitable thermocouples. ment, or temperature sensors and the layer thickness with an interferometer 15.
- the interferometer 15 consists of a transmitter module 16 namely a laser, which is installed at the upper end of the cylinder 2, and a receiver module 17, which can be attached to the lower end of the cylinder 2 .
- the control and documentation unit 14 also has a printer and another sealable storage medium in order to be able to log and reproduce the operating data.
- FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the lower outlet 7 on the cylinder 2 according to the invention.
- connection 8 being closable, for example by means of a valve .
- the geometric arrangement of the connections 8 and 9 is such that the connection 8 points vertically downwards while the unlockable connection 9 points obliquely upwards. This ensures that when port 8 is open, the irradiated liquid always flows out through this port for gravitational reasons and only searches for the way through port 9 when port 8 is closed.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU51603/99A AU5160399A (en) | 1998-07-15 | 1999-07-15 | Irradiation of a liquid in a rotating cylinder |
JP2000559884A JP2002520124A (ja) | 1998-07-15 | 1999-07-15 | 液体を照射する装置 |
EP99936546A EP1096958A1 (de) | 1998-07-15 | 1999-07-15 | Bestrahlung einer flüssigkeit in einem rotierenden zylinder |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19831768.9 | 1998-07-15 | ||
DE19831768A DE19831768A1 (de) | 1998-07-15 | 1998-07-15 | Vorrichtung zur Bestrahlung einer Flüssigkeit |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2000003750A1 true WO2000003750A1 (de) | 2000-01-27 |
Family
ID=7874141
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP1999/005055 WO2000003750A1 (de) | 1998-07-15 | 1999-07-15 | Bestrahlung einer flüssigkeit in einem rotierenden zylinder |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6540967B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1096958A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2002520124A (de) |
AU (1) | AU5160399A (de) |
DE (1) | DE19831768A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2000003750A1 (de) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2008039494A1 (en) * | 2006-09-26 | 2008-04-03 | Id Biomedical Corporation Of Quebec | Device and methods of inactivating influenza virus and adventitious agents with ultraviolet light |
US8986607B2 (en) | 2003-02-27 | 2015-03-24 | Baxter International Inc. | Method for the validatable inactivation of pathogens in a biological fluid by irradiation |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7993580B2 (en) * | 2004-08-24 | 2011-08-09 | Baxter International Inc. | Methods for the inactivation of microorganisms in biological fluids, flow through reactors and methods of controlling the light sum dose to effectively inactivate microorganisms in batch reactors |
EP1702678A1 (de) | 2005-03-16 | 2006-09-20 | Glatt Systemtechnik GmbH | Einrichtung zur Behandlung einer Flüssigkeit mit einer energetischen Strahlung |
DE102005062634A1 (de) * | 2005-12-23 | 2007-06-28 | Blutspendedienst der Landesverbände des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes Niedersachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen, Oldenburg und Bremen gGmbH | Verfahren zur Inaktivierung von Pathogenen in Spenderblut, Blutplasma oder Erythrozytenkonzentraten in flexiblen Behältnissen unter Bewegung |
EP2934158B1 (de) | 2012-12-18 | 2022-07-20 | Carag Ag | Verfahren zur pasteurisierung von muttermilch |
EP2957178A1 (de) | 2014-06-16 | 2015-12-23 | Carag AG | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Aufbewahrung eines Muttermilchpräparats |
EP2957177A1 (de) | 2014-06-16 | 2015-12-23 | Carag AG | Vorrichtung zum Pasteurisieren von Muttermilch |
US10751433B2 (en) * | 2016-11-28 | 2020-08-25 | Fenwal, Inc. | Systems and methods for controlling an irradiation device |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB655198A (en) * | 1947-09-30 | 1951-07-11 | Allied Lab Inc | Process and apparatus for the irradiation of liquids |
EP0240154A1 (de) * | 1986-02-27 | 1987-10-07 | McNeilab, Inc. | Pumpenkörper zum Anschluss einer Bestrahlungskammer an ein System zur Behandlung eines Patienten durch Photoaktivierung |
US5133932A (en) * | 1988-03-29 | 1992-07-28 | Iatros Limited | Blood processing apparatus |
DE4228535A1 (de) * | 1992-08-27 | 1994-03-03 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Dünnschicht-Interferometer |
DE4440880A1 (de) * | 1994-11-17 | 1996-05-23 | Peter Ueberall | Dünnschichtbestrahlungszentrifuge |
US5567616A (en) * | 1994-03-07 | 1996-10-22 | Dill Instruments | Apparatus for supporting and driving a rotating cylinder |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4748120A (en) | 1983-05-02 | 1988-05-31 | Diamond Scientific Co. | Photochemical decontamination treatment of whole blood or blood components |
DE4406759A1 (de) * | 1994-03-02 | 1995-09-07 | Gat Handels U Servicegesellsch | Reinigungs- und Wiederaufbereitungsverfahren für Wasser, Entwickler und Fixiererflüssigkeit, im Bereich von Filmentwicklung und Repros |
-
1998
- 1998-07-15 DE DE19831768A patent/DE19831768A1/de not_active Ceased
-
1999
- 1999-07-15 WO PCT/EP1999/005055 patent/WO2000003750A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-07-15 EP EP99936546A patent/EP1096958A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-07-15 AU AU51603/99A patent/AU5160399A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-07-15 JP JP2000559884A patent/JP2002520124A/ja not_active Withdrawn
-
2001
- 2001-01-12 US US09/759,607 patent/US6540967B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB655198A (en) * | 1947-09-30 | 1951-07-11 | Allied Lab Inc | Process and apparatus for the irradiation of liquids |
EP0240154A1 (de) * | 1986-02-27 | 1987-10-07 | McNeilab, Inc. | Pumpenkörper zum Anschluss einer Bestrahlungskammer an ein System zur Behandlung eines Patienten durch Photoaktivierung |
US5133932A (en) * | 1988-03-29 | 1992-07-28 | Iatros Limited | Blood processing apparatus |
DE4228535A1 (de) * | 1992-08-27 | 1994-03-03 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Dünnschicht-Interferometer |
US5567616A (en) * | 1994-03-07 | 1996-10-22 | Dill Instruments | Apparatus for supporting and driving a rotating cylinder |
DE4440880A1 (de) * | 1994-11-17 | 1996-05-23 | Peter Ueberall | Dünnschichtbestrahlungszentrifuge |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8986607B2 (en) | 2003-02-27 | 2015-03-24 | Baxter International Inc. | Method for the validatable inactivation of pathogens in a biological fluid by irradiation |
WO2008039494A1 (en) * | 2006-09-26 | 2008-04-03 | Id Biomedical Corporation Of Quebec | Device and methods of inactivating influenza virus and adventitious agents with ultraviolet light |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE19831768A1 (de) | 2000-02-17 |
JP2002520124A (ja) | 2002-07-09 |
EP1096958A1 (de) | 2001-05-09 |
US20020008210A1 (en) | 2002-01-24 |
AU5160399A (en) | 2000-02-07 |
US6540967B2 (en) | 2003-04-01 |
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